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Chen Jiehua

几个好用的python内建函数 

目录

在python开发中,经常能看到许多人在重复写一些简单的小函数或lambda表达式,而这些功能早已在python中内置了……

map

对 iterables 中的每个元素逐个进行处理。

 map(func, *iterables) --> map object
 |  
 |  Make an iterator that computes the function using arguments from
 |  each of the iterables.  Stops when the shortest iterable is exhausted.

示例1:

将[0, 10)的数乘以2:

#!/usr/bin/python3

number = map(lambda x: 2*x, range(10))
print(list(number))

输出结果:

[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]

示例2:

将[0, 10)与[100, 120)的数逐项相乘:

#!/usr/bin/python3 

multi = map(lambda x, y: x*y, range(10), range(100, 120))
print(list(multi))

输出结果:

# 只取了[100, 120)的前10项
[0, 101, 204, 309, 416, 525, 636, 749, 864, 981]

注意:

  • python3中map是一个内建类(builtin class map),返回值是一个map对象(map object)
  • python2中map是一个内建函数(builtin function),返回值是一个列表(list)

filter

过滤 iterable 中为 true 的元素。

filter(function or None, iterable) --> filter object
 |  
 |  Return an iterator yielding those items of iterable for which function(item)
 |  is true. If function is None, return the items that are true.

示例:

获取[0, 20)的奇数:

#!/usr/bin/python3

odd = filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 1, range(20))
print(list(odd))

输出结果:

[1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19]

注意:

  • python3中filter是一个内建类(builtin class filter),返回值是一个filter对象(filter object)
  • python2中filter是一个内建函数(builtin function),返回值是一个list,tuple或者string

sorted

对 iterable 的元素进行排序(默认升序)。

sorted(iterable, /, *, key=None, reverse=False)
    Return a new list containing all items from the iterable in ascending order.

    A custom key function can be supplied to customize the sort order, and the
    reverse flag can be set to request the result in descending order.

可以使用key参数来指定排序的规则。

示例:

进行一个简单的排序:

#!/usr/bin/python3

a = [1, 4, 5, 2, 10, 3]
print(sorted(a))
# 输出:[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10]

对tuple进行排序:

#!/usr/bin/python3

a = (("a", 2), ("b", 1), ("c", 4), ("d", 3))
print(sorted(a, key=lambda x: x[1])
# 输出:[('b', 1), ('a', 2), ('d', 3), ('c', 4)]

对dict进行排序:

#!/usr/bin/python3

import operator

a = {"a": 2, "b": 1, "c": 4, "d": 3}
print(sorted(a.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(1)))
# 输出:[('b', 1), ('a', 2), ('d', 3), ('c', 4)]

zip

对多个iterable进行合并,按最短元素进行截断。

zip(iter1 [,iter2 [...]]) --> zip object
 |
 |  Return a zip object whose .__next__() method returns a tuple where
 |  the i-th element comes from the i-th iterable argument.  The .__next__()
 |  method continues until the shortest iterable in the argument sequence
 |  is exhausted and then it raises StopIteration.

示例:

将[0..9]、[20..29]、[40..49]合并为一个列表:

#!/usr/bin/python3

a, b, c = range(0, 10), range(20, 30), range(40, 50)
for v in zip(a, b, c):
    print(v)

输出:

(0, 20, 40)
(1, 21, 41)
(2, 22, 42)
(3, 23, 43)
(4, 24, 44)
(5, 25, 45)
(6, 26, 46)
(7, 27, 47)
(8, 28, 48)
(9, 29, 49)

注意:

  • python3中zip是一个内建类(builtin class zip),返回值是一个zip对象(zip object)
  • python2中zip是一个内建函数(builtin function),返回值是一个list

all

如果iterable为空或全部元素都为True,则返回True。

all(iterable, /)
    Return True if bool(x) is True for all values x in the iterable.

    If the iterable is empty, return True.

示例:

#!/usr/bin/python3

# True
all([1, 2, 3, "a", "b"])

# False
all([1, 2, 3, "a", ""])

any

如果iterable中有至少一个元素为True,则返回True。

any(iterable, /)
    Return True if bool(x) is True for any x in the iterable.

    If the iterable is empty, return False.

示例:

#!/usr/bin/python3

# True
any([0, 1, "a"])

# False
any([0, False, ""])

enumerate

对一个iterable同时返回下标(index)和值(value),可以指定下标的起点。

enumerate(iterable[, start]) -> iterator for index, value of iterable
 |
 |  Return an enumerate object.  iterable must be another object that supports
 |  iteration.  The enumerate object yields pairs containing a count (from
 |  start, which defaults to zero) and a value yielded by the iterable argument.
 |  enumerate is useful for obtaining an indexed list:
 |      (0, seq[0]), (1, seq[1]), (2, seq[2]), ...

示例:

#!/usr/bin/python3

a = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
for idx, val in enumerate(a, 5):
    print(idx, val)

输出:

5 a
6 b
7 c
8 d

注意:

  • python2和python3中enumerate均为内建类(builtin class enumerate)
码字很辛苦,转载请注明来自ChenJiehua《几个好用的python内建函数》

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